MLA Citations
Examples of How to Document Sources
Books |
Articles |
Electronic Sources |
Other Sources |
|
|||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Need more help with parenthetical references? Here are some additional examples:
1 Author | 2 Authors | 3 Authors | More than 3 Authors | Unknown Author | Authors with the Same Last Name | Multiple Works by the Same Author | Multiple Works in the Same Parenthesis | Indirect Sources
Need more help? Try Asking a Librarian and other resources.
Examples
Book with One Author
MLA Handbook 5.5.2
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Zelizer, Barbie. Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye. Chicago: University of Chicago P, 2003. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Zelizer 52)
Book with Two Authors
MLA Handbook 5.5.4
Work Cited Format:
First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, and Second Author's First Name and Last Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Mock, Douglas W., and Geoffrey A. Parker. The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Mock and Parker 73)
Or
Mock and Parker (73) subscribe to the theory that siblings ...
Book with Three Authors
MLA Handbook 5.5.4
Work Cited Format:
First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, Second Author's First Name and Last Name, and Third Author's First Name and Last Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Garner, Judith F., Howard L. Smith, and Neill F. Piland. Strategic Nursing Management: Power and Responsibility in a New Era. Rockville, MD: Aspen, 1990. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Garner, Smith, and Piland 142)
Or
As Garner, Smith, and Piland (142) assert about managing health care units ...
Book with More than Three Authors
MLA Handbook 5.5.4
For a work with more than three authors, you may give the first author followed by et al.,
Or
you may list all the authors in the order they are given on the title page.
Work Cited Format:
First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, et al. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
Or
First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, Second Author's First Name and Last Name, Third Authors' First Name and Last Name, Fourth Author's First Name and Last Name, Fifth Author's First Name and Last Name, and Sixth Author's First Name and Last Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
List all of the authors on the title page.
Work Cited Example:
Dacso, Sheryl Tatar, et al. Managed Care Answer Book. New York: Panel, 1995. Print.
Or
Dacso, Sheryl Tatar, Clifford C. Dacso, Connie U. Brelhan, Kirk C. Harlow, Margaret S. Jaffee-Neer, Marilyn Rumsey, and Ellison H. Wittels. Managed Care Answer Book. New York: Panel, 1995. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Dacso et al. 122)
Or
(Dacso, Dacso, Brelhan, Harlow, Jaffee-Neer, Rumsey, and Wittels 122)
For the parenthetical reference, follow the bibliographic form you used: give the first author's last name followed by et al. or list all of the authors.
Organization as Author
MLA Handbook 5.5.5
An organization (a.k.a. corporate author) might be an association, or group of people acting as a single author - no individual names are listed.
Omit the initial article (a, an, the) from the organization's name.
Work Cited Format:
Organization's Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Panic Disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1998. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(American Psychiatric Association 38)
Or
The American Psychiatric Association stipulates that the patient must be diagnosed ... (38).
For better reading flow, the MLA Handbook suggests that the full name of the organization be written in the text, instead of being placed in the parenthesis.
Anthology
MLA Handbook 5.5.3
Work Cited Format:
Editor's Last Name, Editor's First Name, ed. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Alberro, Alexander and Blake Stimson, eds. Conceptual Art: A Critical Anthology. Cambridge: MIT P, 2000. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Alberro and Stimson 53)
Second or Later Edition
MLA Handbook 5.5.13
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. edition number or name ed. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Bukatko, Danuta, and Marvin A. Daehler. Child Development: A Thematic Approach. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton, 2004. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Bukatko and Daehler 78)
Translated Book
MLA Handbook 5.5.11
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. Trans. Name of Translator(s). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Trans. Joyce Crick. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Freud 28)
Multivolume Work (If Using Two or More Volumes)
MLA Handbook 5.5.14
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. number of volumes vols. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year(s) of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Cook, Blanche Weisen. Eleanor Roosevelt. 2 vols. New York: Viking, 1992-1999. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Cook 1: 52)
Or
Cook talks about Roosevelt's early life incident (1: 52).
In the parenthetical reference, cite the volume number and the page number. Use a colon and a space before the page number.
Multivolume Work (If Using Only One Volume)
MLA Handbook 5.5.14
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. Vol. volume number. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication for Specific Volume. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Cook, Blanche Weisen. Eleanor Roosevelt. Vol. 1. New York: Viking, 1992. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Cook 52)
Encyclopedia Entry
MLA Handbook 5.5.7
Work Cited Format:
Author of Article. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Ed. Editor of Encyclopedia. edition number ed. Vol. volume number. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Dowrick, Peter W. "Behavioral Medicine." The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. Ed. W. Edward Craighead and Charles B. Nemeroff. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley, 2001. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Dowrick 188)
A Reprinted Scholarly Work in a Collection
MLA Handbook 5.5.6
Work Cited Format:
Give the publication information in which the scholarly work was originally printed, then add Rpt in for "reprinted in," followed by the later publication information.
Work Cited Example:
Simon, Irene. "Some Aspects of Virginia Woolf's Imagery." English Studies 41:3 (1960): 180-96. Rpt. in Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 20. Detroit: Gale, 1992. 405-08. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Simon 405)
A Foreword, Preface, Introduction or Afterword
MLA Handbook 5.5.8
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Foreword, Preface, Introduction or Afterword." Foreword [or Preface, Introduction or Afterword]. Title of Book. Ed. Editor's Names. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. inclusive page numbers. Medium.
Work Cited Examples:
Alberro, Alexander. "Reconsidering Conceptual Art, 1966-1977." Preface. Conceptual Art: A Critical Anthology. Ed. Alexander Alberro and Blake Stimson. Cambridge: MIT P, 2000. xvi-xxxvii. Print.
If the foreword, preface, introduction, or afterword is untitled, proceed with the name of the part being cited (e.g. Foreword, Preface, Introduction, or Afterword) after the author's name.
Hobbs, Robert. Introduction. Lee Krasner. By Hobbs. New York: Abbeville, 1993. 7-11. Print.
If the author of the foreword, preface, introduction, or afterword is also the author of the book, give only the author's surname after By.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Alberro xvii)
Chapter of a Book
MLA Handbook 5.5.6
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Chapter." Title of Book. Ed. Name of Editor(s). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. inclusive page numbers. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Benedict, Karen. "Archival Ethics." Managing Archives and Archival Institutions. Ed. James Gregory Bradsher. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1988. 174-84. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Benedict 176)
Article in a Scholarly Journal
MLA Handbook 5.4.1 and 5.4.2
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number.issue number (Year of Publication): inclusive page numbers. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Greenberg, Anna. "Race, Religiosity, and the Women's Vote." Women & Politics 22.3 (2001): 59-82. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Greenberg 73)
Newspaper Article
MLA Handbook 5.4.5
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper Day Month Year of Publication, edition ed.: page number(s). Medium.
For articles not printed on consecutive pages, give the first page number followed by a plus sign.
Work Cited Example:
Donelly, John. "SARS Authority Picked to Lead Health Group." Boston Globe 9 Nov. 2006, first ed.: A14. Print.
Omit the introductory article (a, an, the) from the title of an English-language newspaper; however, keep the introductory article for titles of foreign newspapers (e.g. Le Figaro). If a newspaper title does not include the city name in its title, then add it in brackets (e.g. Daily News [New York]). A city name is not needed for a nationally published paper (e.g. USA Today).
Parenthetical Reference Example:
The above work cited example is only one page long; therefore, the entire work is cited. When citing an entire work, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.
Donelly reports that Dr. Margaret Chan is expected to become the next director-general of the World Health Organization.
Magazine Article
MLA Handbook 5.4.6
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Date of Publication: inclusive page numbers. Medium.
For articles not printed on consecutive pages, give the first page number followed by a plus sign. For magazines published weekly or biweekly, give the complete date of publication (day month year).
Work Cited Example:
Ravilious, Kate. "Scots on the Rocks: Mountaineering Archaeologists Reach New Heights of Discovery." Archaeology Nov.-Dec. 2006: 16-21. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Ravilious 17)
Newspaper Article with Unknown Author
MLA Handbook 5.4.5 and 5.4.9
Work Cited Format:
"Title of Article." Title of Newspaper Day Month Year of Publication, edition ed.: page number(s). Medium.
Work Cited Example:
"Number of Out-of-Wedlock Births a Record" Hartford Courant 26 Nov. 2006, New Haven County/Shoreline ed.: A7. Print.
Within the works cited list, alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title, omitting articles such as a, an and the.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
For the parenthetical reference use a shortened version of the title in place of the author's name.
The above work cited example is only one page long; therefore, the entire work is cited. When citing an entire work with an unknown author, it is preferable to include the title of the article in the text of your document, rather than in a parenthetical reference.
According to the newspaper article "Number of Out-of-Wedlock Births a Record," the number of unwed mothers giving birth in their twenties has risen dramatically.
Letter to Editor (Newspaper)
MLA Handbook 5.4.5 and 5.4.11
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Letter. Title of Newspaper Day Month Year of Publication, edition ed.: page number(s). Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Arsham, Jane. Letter. Boston Globe 9 Nov. 2006, first ed.: A.16. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
The above work cited example is only one page long; therefore, the entire work is cited. When citing an entire work, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.
In her letter to the editor, Arsham stated that she felt as though her American citizenship had been usurped.
Review
MLA Handbook 5.4.7
Work Cited Format:
Author of Review. "Title of Review [if there is one]." Rev. of Title of Work Being Reviewed, by Author's Name. Title of Journal volume number.issue number (Year of Publication): page numbers. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Ellis, Nadia. Rev. of Postcolonial London: Rewriting the Metropolis, by John McLeod. Postcolonial Studies 9 (2006): 337-42. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Ellis 338)
Article from an Online Scholarly Journal
MLA Handbook 5.6.3 and 5.4.2
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number.issue number (Year of Publication): inclusive page numbers. Web. Day Month Year of Access.
If an online journal does not use page numbers, use n. pag. instead.
Work Cited Example:
Henry, Phil. "The Sociological Implications for Contemporary Buddhism in the United Kingdom: Socially Engaged Buddhism, A Case Study." Journal of Buddhist Ethics 13 (2006): n. pag. Web. 13 December 2006.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
If an electronic publication does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.
Henry uses triangulation to study the United Kingdom's Buddhist population.
Journal Article from Electronic Database
MLA Handbook 5.6.4
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number.issue number (Year of Publication): page numbers. Database Name. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.
Work Cited Example:
Chavez, Linda. "The Realities of Immigration." Commentary 122.1 (2006): 34-41. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 25 Sept. 2006.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Chavez 35)
Newspaper Article from Electronic Database
MLA Handbook 5.6.4
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper Day Month Year of Publication, edition ed.: page number(s). Database Name. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.
Work Cited Example:
Harmon, Amy. "DNA Gatherers Hit a Snag: The Tribes Don't Trust Them." New York Times 10 Dec. 2006, East Coast late ed.: 1.1. ProQuest Newspapers. Web. 5 Jan. 2007.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
If an electronic publication does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.
Also a page number is unnecessary, if an article is only one page long. Again, include the author's name in the text of your document instead of using a parenthetical reference.
Harmon reports that many indigenous groups are wary of the National Geographic Society's DNA project.
Website
MLA Handbook 5.6.2
Work Cited Format:
Name of Author, Compiler or Editor. Title of Work [italicize the title if the work stands alone, or put the title in quotation marks if the work is part of a larger whole]. Title of Website [if different from the Title of Work]. Version or Edition of Site. Publisher or Sponsor [if unknown, use N.p.], Day Month Year of Publication [if unknown, use n.d.]. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.
If some of the citation information is missing, use what is available.
Work Cited Example:
Milburn, John. "Declassified Ike Documents Show Policy Challenges." Yahoo! News. Yahoo!, 29 July 2009. Web. 29 July 2009.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
If an electronic source does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's/editor's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.
John Milburn reports on the newly declassified documents from Dwight Eisenhower's presidency.
MLA Handbook 5.7.13
Work Cited Format:
E-mail Author's Last Name, E-mail Author's First Name. "Title of Message [taken from subject line of e-mail]." Message to Recipient's Name. Date of E-mail. E-mail.
Work Cited Examples:
Roberts, Cynthia. "Re: Rare Book Bindings." Message to the author. 6 Dec. 2006. E-mail.
Smith, Barbara. "Re: Still-life Painting." Message to Janet Cummings. 6 Dec. 2006. E-mail.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
When citing an electronic source that does not have page numbers, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.
In her e-mail to me, Cynthia Roberts describes leather bindings made before 1830.
Film or Film Clip from a Website
MLA Handbook 5.6.2.d and 5.7.3
Work Cited Format:
Title of Movie. Screenplay by Name of Writer. Dir. Name of Director. Perf. Names of Performers. Name of Distributer, Original Release Date. Title of Website. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.
Work Cited Example:
Rear Window. Screenplay by John Michael Hayes. Dir. Alfred Hitchcock. Perf. James Stewart and Grace Kelly. Paramount Pictures, 1954. YouTube. Web. 24 March 2008.
If citing the contribution of a specific person, start the work cited entry with that person's name.
Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. Rear Window. Screenplay by John Michael Hayes. Perf. James Stewart and Grace Kelly. Paramount Pictures, 1954. YouTube. Web. 24 March 2008.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
If an electronic source does not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or another type of reference marker, cite the entire work. It is best to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than using a parenthetical reference.
Rear Window is Alfred Hitchcock's greatest thriller.
Ebook (Entire Book)
MLA Handbook 5.6.2.c and 5.5
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Database Name. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.
If the ebook is read from an Internet website, substitute the title of the website (italicized) for Database Name.
Work Cited Example:
Martin, Russell. Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved. New York: Broadway Books, 2001. ebrary collections. Web. 26 Oct. 2008.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Martin 34)
Ebook (Chapter)
MLA Handbook 5.6.2.c and 5.5.6
Work Cited Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Chapter." Title of Book. Ed. Name of Editor(s). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Database Name. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.
If the ebook is read from an Internet website, substitute the title of the website (italicized) for Database Name.
Work Cited Example:
Dray, Andy. "Vanilloids as Analgesics." Novel Aspects of Pain Management: Opioids and Beyond. Ed. Jana Sawynok and Alan Cowan. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1999. NetLibrary. Web. 26 Oct. 2008.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Dray 119)
Online Images
MLA Handbook 5.6.2.d
Work Cited Format:
Artist's Last Name, Artist's First Name. Title of Work. Date. Name of Institution Where the Work Resides. Title of Website or Database. Web. Day Month Year Accessed.
Work Cited Example:
Hopper, Edward. Early Sunday Morning. 1930. Whitney Museum of American Art. The Whitney's Collection. Web. 27 July 2009.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
When citing a non-print source, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference
Edward Hopper's Early Monrning Sunday shows a street scene with no human figures.
Print Advertisement
MLA Handbook 5.7.10
Work Cited Format:
Product, Company, or Institution Name. Advertisement. Name of Publication Date: Page Number. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Banana Republic. Advertisement. InStyle Oct. 2006: 51. Print.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Banana Republic 51)
Recorded Movies
MLA Handbook 5.7.3
Work Cited Format:
Title of Movie. Screenplay by Name of Writer. Dir. Name of Director. Perf. Names of Performers. Original Release Date. Name of the Distributer, Release Date. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Rear Window. Screenplay by John Michael Hayes. Dir. Alfred Hitchcock. Perf. James Stewart and Grace Kelly. 1954. Universal Pictures, 2001. DVD.
If citing the contribution of a specific person, start the work cited entry with that person's name.
Hitchcock, Alfred, dir. Rear Window. Screenplay by John Michael Hayes. Perf. James Stewart and Grace Kelly. 1954. Universal Pictures, 2001. DVD.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
When citing a non-print source, such as a motion picture, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.
Rear Window is Alfred Hitchcock's greatest thriller.
Recorded Music-Entire Album
MLA Handbook 5.7.2
Work Cited Format:
Name of Composer, Conductor or Performer [depends on your emphasis]. Title of Recording. Perf. Performers' Names [use only if different from the name(s) listed at the beginning of the entry]. Name of Manufacturer, Year of Issue [if unknown, put n.d.]. Medium.
Work Cited Example:
Horowitz, Vladimir. The Last Recording. Sony Classical, 1990. CD.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
When citing a non-print source, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.
Vladimir Horowitz gave memorable performances on his album entitled The Last Recording.
Recorded Music-Individual Tracks
MLA Handbook 5.7.2
Work Cited Format:
Name of Composer, Conductor or Performer [depends on your emphasis]. "Title of Specific Piece." Perf. Performers' Names [use only if different from the name(s) listed at the beginning of the entry]. Title of Recording. Name of Manufacturer, Year of Issue [if unknown, put n.d.]. Medium..
For musical works that are identified by form, number or key, do not enclose the title in quotation marks (see MLA Handbook 3.6.5).
Work Cited Example:
Chopin, Frederic. Nocturne O 55, No 2. Perf. Vladimir Horowitz. The Last Recording. Sony Classical, 1990. CD.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
When citing a non-print source, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.
Vladimir Horowitz gave a memorable performance of Chopin's Nocturne O 55, No 2. on his album The Last Recording.
Work of Art
MLA Handbook 5.7.6
Work Cited Format:
Artist's Last Name, Artist's First Name. Title of the Work of Art. Date. Medium. Name of the Institution Where the Work Resides, City.
If the work is in a private collection, give the name of the collection in place of the institution name. If the collector is unknown or anonymous write Private Collection and leave off the city name.
Work Cited Example:
Hopper, Edward. Railroad Sunset. 1929. Oil on canvas. Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
When citing a non-print source, it is preferable to include the author's name in the text of your document rather than in a parenthetical reference.
Edward Hopper's 1929 landscape Railroad Sunset is similiar to his other landscape paintings.
Additional Parenthetical Reference Examples
One Author
MLA Handbook 6.2
Parenthetical Reference Format:
(Author's Last Name Page Number(s))
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Zelizer 3-4)
Two Authors
MLA Handbook 6.2
Parenthetical Reference Format:
(First Author's Last Name and Second Author's Last Name Page Number(s))
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Mock and Parker 73)
Three Authors
MLA Handbook 6.2
Parenthetical Reference Format:
(First Author's Last Name, Second Author's Last Name, and Third Author's Last Name Page Number(s))
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Garner, Smith, and Piland 102)
More than 3 Authors
MLA Handbook 6.2
Parenthetical Reference Format:
For a work with more than three authors, you may give the first author's last name followed by et al., or you may list all the authors' last names. Follow the form you used for your bibliographic entry. For instance, if you listed all the names in your bibliographic entry, then list all the names in your parenthetical reference.
(First Author's Last Name et al. Page Number(s))
Or
(First Author's Last Name, Second Author's Last Name, Third Author's Last Name, Fourth Author's Last Name, Fifth Author's Last Name, and Sixth Author's Last Name Page Number(s))
Parenthetical Reference Examples:
(Dacso et al. 122)
Or
(Dacso, Dacso, Brelhan, Harlow, Jaffee-Neer, Rumsey, and Wittels 122)
Unknown Author
MLA Handbook 6.2 and 6.4.4
Parenthetical Reference Format:
(Title of Work Page Number(s))
A title that is long can be given in a shortened form.
Two Authors with the Same Last Name in the Works Cited List
MLA Handbook 6.2
Parenthetical Reference Format:
(Author's First Initial. Author's Last Name Page Number(s))
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(B. Zelizer 3-4)
If two authors have the same first initials, use the authors' full first names in the parenthetical references.
Multiple Works by the Same Author
MLA Handbook 6.4.6
Parenthetical Reference Format:
(Author's Last Name, Shortened Title Page Number(s))
Parenthetical Reference Examples:
(Zelizer, Remembering to Forget 3-4)
(Zelizer, Visual Culture 115-21)
Multiple Works in the Same Parenthesis
MLA Handbook 6.4.9
Parenthetical Reference Format:
Separate each work that is referenced with a semicolon.
Parenthetical Reference Example:
(Zelizer 11; Alberro xvii; Ellis 338)
Indirect Source
MLA Handbook 6.4.7
An indirect source is a source that quotes or paraphrases another source. An example would be Sontag's On Photography cited in Zelizer's book Remembering to Forget, and you have not read Sontag. In the text of the paper, name the original source of information, and in the parenthetical reference use qtd. in (quoted in) before the indirect source.
Parenthetical Reference Format:
(qtd. in Author of Indirect Source Page Number(s))
Parenthetical Reference Example:
Sontag writes . . . (qtd. in Zelizer 11).
Other Resources
For more examples and information on how to format your paper
Online Resource
Print Resource
- MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. (Ref. LB 2359.G53 2003)
For addition help, contact a Reference Librarian