Chicago Citations Notes-Bibliography Style
The Chicago style is composed of two different documentation systems: the notes-bibliography style, preferred by those in the humanities, and the author-date system, preferred by those in the sciences. Be sure to find out from your professor which Chicago documentation system they would like you to use.* The examples on this page are in the notes-bibliography style.
*Note: The Fairfield University History Department requires its students to use Notes-Bibliography style.
Examples of How to Document Sources
Books |
Articles |
Electronic Sources |
Other Sources |
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Special Note: Invert the author's name in the Bibliography (Author's Last Name, Author's First Name), but not in the Note (Author's First Name Author's Last Name).
Need more footnote help? Here is some additional information and examples:
Numbering Footnotes and Positioning Footnote Numbers | Shortened Notes | Several Sources Cited in One Note | Using Ibid. | Citations plus Commentary
Need more help? Try Asking a Librarian and other resources.
Examples
Book with One Author
Chicago Manual 14.18
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Bibliography Example:
Zelizer, Barbie. Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Note Example:
1. Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 11.
Book with Two Authors
Chicago Manual 14.18
Bibliography Format:
First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, and Second Author's First Name and Last Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Bibliography Example:
Mock, Douglas W., and Geoffrey A. Parker. The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Note Example:
2. Douglas W. Mock and Geoffrey A. Parker, The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 72.
4 or More Authors
Chicago Manual 14.18
Format Example:
First Author's Last Name, First Author's First Name, Second Author's First Name and Last Name, Third Author's First Name and Last Name, Fourth Author's First Name and Last Name, Fifth Author's First Name and Last Name, and Sixth Author's First Name and Last Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Bibliography Example:
Dacso, Sheryl Tatar, Clifford C. Dacso, Connie U. Brelhan, Kirk C. Harlow, Margaret S. Jaffee-Neer, Marilyn Rumsey, and Ellison H. Wittels. Managed Care Answer Book. New York: Panel Publishers, 1995.
Note Example:
17. Sheryl Tatar Dacso et al., Managed Care Answer Book (New York: Panel Publishers, 1995), 122.
Book Chapter (Contribution to a Multiauthor Book)
Chicago Manual 14.112
The format and example below are for how to cite a chapter within a book that contains chapters written by different authors. If you are citing one chapter in a book written by a single author, see 14.111 in The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. for the appropriate citation example.
Format Example:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Name of Editor, inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Bibliography Example:
Benedict, Karen. "Archival Ethics." In Managing Archives and Archival Institutions, edited by James Gregory Bradsher, 174-84. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Note Example:
3. Karen Benedict, "Archival Ethics," in Managing Archives and Archival Institutions, ed. James Gregory Bradsher (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 176.
Translated Work
Chicago Manual 14.88
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. Translated by Name of Translator(s). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Date of Publication.
Bibliography Example :
Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of Dreams. Translated by Joyce Crick. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Note Example:
33. Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, trans. Joyce Crick (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 28.
Preface, Foreword or Introduction
Chicago Manual 14.116
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Preface (or use Foreword or Introduction) to Title of Book, by Book's Author, inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Date of Publication.
Bibliography Example:
Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr. Foreword to Love, Eleanor: Eleanor Roosevelt and Her Friends, by Joseph P. Lash, vii-viii. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1982.
Note Example:
12. Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr., foreword to Love, Eleanor: Eleanor Roosevelt and Her Friends, by Joseph P. Lash (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1982), vii.
Edition other than First
Chicago Manual 14.118
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. Edition number ed. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Bibliography Example:
Bukatko, Danuta, and Marvin A. Daehler. Child Development: A Thematic Approach. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.
Note Example:
8. Danuta Bukatko and Marvin A. Daehler, Child Development: A Thematic Approach, 5th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 78.
Multivolume Work (Citing all the Volumes)
Chicago Manual 14.121-14.122
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Multivolume Work. Number of Volumes vols. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year(s) of Publication.
Always give the volume numbers in arabic numerals, even if the book has the volume numbers in roman numerals or spelled out.
Bibliography Example:
Cook, Blanche Weisen. Eleanor Roosevelt. 2 vols. New York: Viking, 1992-99.
Note Example:
38. Blanche Weisen Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Viking, 1992), 1:52.
Only give the date for the volume being cited.
If each of the volumes of a multivolume work are titled, then follow the note example below:*
39. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. 1, The Birth of Britain (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1956), 88.
* Only give the date for the volume being cited.
Multivolume Work (Citing Only 1 Volume)
Chicago Manual 14.124 and 14.121
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Multivolume Work. Vol. Volume Number, Title of Volume. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.
Always give the volume number in an arabic numeral, even if a book has the volume number in a roman numeral or spelled out.
Bibliography Example:
Churchill, Winston S. A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. Vol. 1, The Birth of Britain. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1956.
Note Example:
39. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. 1, The Birth of Britain (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1956), 88.
Journal Article
Chicago Manual 14.175-14.183
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): page numbers.
If a journal uses continuous pagination throughout its volume, the issue number may be omitted.
Bibliography Example:
Greenberg, Anna. "Race, Religiosity, and the Women's Vote." Women & Politics 22, no. 3 (2001): 59-82.
Note Example:
4. Anna Greenberg, "Race, Religiosity, and the Women's Vote," Women & Politics 22, no. 3 (2001): 61.
Magazine Article
Chicago Manual 14.199
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine, Month, Day and Year of Publication.
Bibliography Example:
Fineman, Howard. "The Political Winds of War." Newsweek, May 7, 2007.
Note Example:
10. Howard Fineman, "The Political Winds of War," Newsweek, May 7, 2007, 45.
Newspaper Article
Chicago Manual 14.203-14.206
Usually newspaper articles are only cited in a note. A corresponding bibliography entry is not needed, as long as the item has been documented in the notes.
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Month Day, and Year of Publication, Section, Edition.
Bibliography Example:
Vogel, Carol. "Art in the Present Tense: Politics, Loss and Beauty." New York Times, June 11, 2007, Arts section, East Coast edition.
Note Example:
11. Carol Vogel, "Art in the Present Tense: Politics, Loss and Beauty," New York Times, June 11, 2007, Arts section, East Coast edition.
Newspaper Article with an Unknown Author
Chicago Manual 14.206-14.207
Usually newspaper articles are only cited in a note. A corresponding bibliography entry is not needed, as long as the item has been documented in the notes.
Bibliography Format:
Title of Newspaper. "Title of Article." Month Day, Year of Publication.
Bibliography Example:
Hartford Courant. "Number of Out-of-Wedlock Births a Record." November 26, 2006.
Note Example:
7. "Number of Out-of-Wedlock Births a Record," Hartford Courant, November 26, 2006.
Article from an Online Journal
Chicago Manual 14.4-14.8 and 14.18
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): page numbers. doi:xxxxxxxxxxxxx.
If a DOI is not available, use a URL.
If a journal uses continuous pagination throughout its volume, the issue number may be omitted.
Bibliography Examples:
Humphrey, Laura L. "Structural Analysis of Parent-Child Relationships in Eating Disorders." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95 (November 1986): 395-402. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.95.4.395.
Salama, Ashraf M. "A Theory for Integrating Knowledge in Architectural Design Education." Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 2 no. 1 (2008): 100-28. http://archnet.org/gws/IJAR/8821/files_8181/2.1.07%20-a%20salama-pp100-128.pdf.
Note Example:
4. Laura L. Humphrey, "Structural Analysis of Parent-Child Relationships in Eating Disorders," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95 (November 1986): 396, doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.
Journal Article from an Electronic Database
Chicago Manual 14.271
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number, no. issue number (Year of Publication): page numbers. Name of Database (accession number).
If a database uses a stable URL for an article, use the URL instead of the database name and accession number.
Bibliography Examples:
Chavez, Linda. "The Realities of Immigration." Commentary 122, no. 1 (2006): 34-41. Academic OneFile (A147668438).
Kenseth, Joy. "Bernini's Borghese Sculptures: Another View." The Art Bulletin 63, no. 2 (1981): 191-210. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3050112.
Note Example:
4. Linda Chavez, "The Realities of Immigration," Commentary 122, no. 1 (2006): 39. Academic OneFile (A147668438).
Website
Chicago Manual 14.243-14.245
The Chicago Manual of Style suggests citing web pages only in the notes. If your paper does not contain notes, cite the web page in the bibliography.
Bibliography Format:
Author of the Site. "Title of Web Page." Owner/Sponsor of Site. Published, Modified, or Accessed Month, day and year. URL.
If there is not a publication date or last modified date, use the date when you accessed the web page.
Bibliography Example:
Watson, Ivan. "Tunisians Vote in First Election Following Arab Spring." CNN.com. Last modified October 23, 2011. http://us.cnn.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/tunisia-elections/index.html.
Note Example:
13. Ivan Watson, "Tunisians Vote in First Election Following Arab Spring," CNN.com, last modified October 23, 2011, http://us.cnn.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/tunisia-elections/index.html.
Chicago Manual 14.222
You may cite e-mail messages within the text of your paper instead of using a note.
Running Text Example:
In her e-mail to the author on December 6, 2006, Barbara Smith described ...
Note Example:
6. Barbara Smith, e-mail message to author, December 6, 2006.
Usually e-mails are not listed in the bibliography.
E-book
Chicago Manual 14.166 and 14.17
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Format of e-book.
Bibliography Example:
Russell, Martin. Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved. New York: Broadway Books, 2001. ebrary collections e-book.
Note Example:
5. Martin Russell, Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved (New York: Broadway Books, 2001), ebrary collections e-book, 33.
When citing an e-book that does not have fixed page numbers, use a chapter number, section heading or another reference marker in the note.
Online Images
Chicago Manual 14.280 and 8.193
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Work. Format of Work. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Date of Work. From Source, Collection Name. Medium. URL.
Titles of paintings, drawings, sculptures, and photographs are italicized. Titles of antiquities are set in roman.
Bibliography Examples:
Lange, Dorothea. Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children. Age Thirty-Two. Nipomo, California. Photograph. 1936. From Library of Congress, America from the Great Depression to World War II: Black-and-White Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945. JPEG and TIFF files. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsa.8b29516.
Arnold, E. G. Topographical Map of the Original District of Columbia and Environs Showing the Fortifications around the City of Washington. Map. New York: G. Woolworth Colton, 1862. From Library of Congress, Civil War Maps, 1861-1865. JPEG2000 file. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3851s.cw0674000.
Note Example:
5. E. G. Arnold, Topographical Map of the Original District of Columbia and Environs Showing the Fortifications around the City of Washington (New York: G. Woolworth Colton, 1862), from Library of Congress, Civil War Maps, 1861-1865, JPEG2000 file, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3851s.cw0674000.
Online Videos
Chicago Manual 14.280
Bibliography Format:
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Title of Film. Name of Publisher, Date of Work, Format of Film, From Source, Collection Name. Medium, Duration of film. URL.
Bibliography Example:
Edison, Thomas A. Sleighing Scene. Thomas A. Edison, Inc., 1898, 35mm film. From Library of Congress, America at Work, America at Leisure: Motion Pictures from 1894-1915. RealMedia, MPEG, Quick Time video, 47 sec. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsmi/lcmp002.m2a38968.
Note Example:
6. Thomas A. Edison, Sleighing Scene (Thomas A. Edison, Inc, 1898), 35 mm film, from Library of Congress, America at Work, America at Leisure: Motion Pictures from 1894-1915, RealMedia, MPEG, Quick Time video, 47 sec., http:/hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsmi/lcmp002.m2a38968.
Blog Posting
Chicago Manual 14.243-14.244 and 14.246
You may cite blog entries and comments within the text of your paper instead of using a note. Also you may omit the blog citation from your bibliography.
Running Text Example:
In her blog posting dated November 15, 2009, on AHA Today, Jessica Pritchard gives a favorable review of the Inuit Heritage Trust's web resources for teachers.
Below is a more formal example of the citation.
Bibliography Format:
Title of Blog (blog (if not part of the title)). URL .
Bibliography Example:
AHA Today (blog). http://blog.historians.org/ .
Note Example:
9. Jessica Pritchard, "Inuit Contact: An Arctic Culture Teaching Resource," AHA Today (blog), November 15, 2009, http://blog.historians.org/education/919/inuit-contact-an-arctic-cutlture-teaching-resource.
DVDs and Videocassettes
Chicago Manual 14.729
Bibliography Format:
Title of Movie. Directed by Name of Director. Original Release Date (if applicable). Location of Distributer: Name of Distributer, Release Date, Medium.
Bibliography Example:
Rear Window. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1954. Universal City, CA: Universal Pictures, 2001, DVD.
Note Example:
33. Rear Window, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1954; Universal City, CA: Universal Pictures, 2001), DVD.
Sound Recordings
Chicago Manual 14.276
Bibliography Format:
Name of Composer, Conductor or Performer (depends on who you emphasize in your paper). Title of Recording. Name of Composer, Conductor and/or Performer (if they are not listed at the beginning of the bibliography entry). Name of Recording Company Music Number, Copyright Date, medium. Recording Date or Published Date.
Bibliography Example:
Horowitz, Vladimir. The Last Recording. Sony Classical SK 45818, 1990, compact disc. Recorded in 1989.
Note Example:
13. Vladimir Horowitz, The Last Recording, recorded in 1989, Sony Classical SK 45818, 1990, compact disc.
Citations Taken from Secondary Sources
Chicago Manual 14.273
A secondary source is a source that quotes or paraphrases another source. An example would be Sontag's On Photography cited in Zelizer's book Remembering to Forget. Use the format below only if you are unable to examine the original source material (e.g. Sontag's On Photography). The Chicago Manual of Style discourages the use of secondary sources.
Bibliography Format:
Give the citation for the original material (use the appropriate citation format for your source, e.g. book or article) followed by the words "Quoted in." Then give the citation information for your secondary source.
Bibliography Example:
Sontag, Susan. On Photography. New York: Anchor Books, 1977. Quoted in Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Note Example:
6. Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Anchor Books, 1977), quoted in Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 11.
Additional Footnote Information with Examples
Numbering Footnotes and Positioning Footnote Numbers
Chicago Manual 14.19-14.21
Footnotes are numbered consecutively beginning with 1. In the text of your paper, note numbers are superscript. In the footnotes, note numbers are regular size and not raised.
Example:
"No single memory reflects all that is known about a given event, personality, or issue." 1
Put the note number at the end of a sentence or clause and after any punctuation, except for the dash.
1. Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 3.
Shortened Notes
Chicago Manual 14.24-14.28
Use a full footnote the first time a source is noted, and use a shortened note for subsequent times that the same source is noted.
Full Footnote Example:
1. Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 11.
Shortened Footnote Format:
Author's Last Name, Title (shorten if more than 4 words), page number.
Shortened Footnote Example:
5. Zelizer, Remembering to Forget, 11.
Several Sources Cited in One Note
Chicago Manual 14.23, 14.52
Separate each citation with a semicolon and keep the sources in the same order as they are mentioned in the text.
Example:
Some of the scholars that have addressed this issue are Barbie Zelizer, Martin Russell, and Karen Benedict.3
3. Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 11; Martin Russell, Beethoven's Hair: An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved (New York: Broadway Books, 2001), ebrary collections e-book; Karen Benedict, "Archival Ethics," in Managing Archives and Archival Institutions, ed. James Gregory Bradsher (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 176.
Using Ibid.
Chicago Manual 14.29
Use Ibid if the preceding note contains the same information as your following note. If the page numbers being cited are different, then give the new page numbers. If the pages are the same, use only Ibid. Do not use Ibid, if the preceding note contains several citations.
Examples:
1. Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 3.
2. Ibid., 11.
3. Karen Benedict, "Archival Ethics," in Managing Archives and Archival Institutions, ed. James Gregory Bradsher (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 176.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., 178.
6. Douglas W. Mock and Geoffrey A. Parker, The Evolution of Sibling Rivalry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 72; Danuta Bukato and Marvin A. Daehler, Child Development: A Thematic Approach, 5th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 78.
7. Mock and Parker, Evolution of Sibling Rivalry, 75.
Citations plus Commentary
Chicago Manual 14.32
In the footnote, cite your source first, and then add your commentary.
Example:
11. Carol Vogel, "Art in the Present Tense: Politics, Loss and Beauty," New York Times, June 11, 2007, Arts section, East Coast edition. Several African countries were represented in the 52nd Venice Biennale for the first time.
Other Resources
For more examples and information on how to format your paper
Online Resources
Print Resources
- The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Ref. Z253.U69 2010)
For additional help, contact a Reference Librarian
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