Commonly Cited Sources in APA:

Book | Ebook | Journal Article | Magazine Article | Newspaper Article | Website or Blog

E-mail, List-serv or Personal Communication | Audio/Video | Image or Advertisement | Secondary Sources

In-Text Citation Examples | Other Citation Resources

• APA Citation Checklist ... avoid the common mistakes!
  
• Need more help? Try Asking a Librarian and other resources.

• 1 Author
• 2 Authors
• 3-7 Authors
• 8 or more Authors
• Organization as Author
• Edited Book
  
  

• No Author or Editor
• Book Chapter
• Edition other than First
• Translated Work
• Multivolume Work
• Encyclopedia Entry
  
• Bible and Other Classical Works

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of book. Place of

Publication: Name of Publisher.

Bigelow, B. (2006). The line between us: Teaching about the

border and Mexican immigration. Milwaukee:

Rethinking Schools.

(Bigelow, 2006)

Or

Bigelow (2006) discusses the Mexican immigrant experience ...

Reference List Format:

In-text Citations:

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of

book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Mock, D.W, & Parker, G.A. (1997). The evolution of sibling

rivalry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

(Mock & Parker, 1997)

Or

Mock and Parker (1997) discuss the origins of family structure ...

Reference List Format:

In-text Citations:

 

Author, A. A ., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of

Publication). Title of book. Place of

Publication: Name of Publisher.

Garner, J. F., Smith, H. L., & Piland, N. F. (1990).

Strategic nursing management: Power

and responsibility in a new era.

Rockville, MD: Aspen.

For the first in-text citation, cite all of the authors.

(Garner, Smith, & Piland, 1990)

Or:

Garner, Smith, and Piland (1990) discuss the origins of ...

For subsequent in-text citations, cite the first author followed by et al.

(Garner et al., 1990)

Or:

Garner et al. (1990)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citations:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E.,

Author, F. F., . . . Last Author Surname, First Initial.

Second Initial. (Year of Publication). Title of book.

Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Avis, J. M., Ball, D., Bischof, G., Burg, J. E., Chang, Y. H., Gonzalez-

Doupe, P., . . . Wilkie, S. G. (1996). Family Therapy

Sourebook. New York: Guilford Press.

(Avis et al., 1996)

Or:

Avis et al. (1996) discuss the care of ...

Reference List Format:

In-text Citations:

Name of Organization. (Year of Publication). Title of book. Place

of Publication: Name of Publisher.

American Psychiatric Association. (1998). Practice guideline for

the treatment of patients with panic disorder.

Washington, DC: Author.

Note: When the publisher is the same as the author, use the word Author for the name of the publisher.

For the first in-text citation use:

(American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1998)

Or:

American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1998)

For subsequent citations use:

(APA, 1998)

Or:

APA (1998)

Note: For universities as authors do not abbreviate the name.

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of Chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor

(Eds.), Title of book (pp. chapter page numbers). Place of

Publication: Name of Publisher.

Kozminski, A. K. (1994). High-speed management and global competition. In

S. S. King & D. P. Cushman (Eds.), High-speed management

and organizational communications in the 1990s: A reader

(pp. 41-67). Albany: State University of New York Press.

(Kozminski, 1994)

Or:

(Kozminski, 1994, p. 62)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title of book. Place of Publication:

Name of Publisher.

Madan, T. N. (Ed.). (1991). Religion in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Note: For more than one editor, use (Eds.)

(Madan, 1991)

Or:

Madan (1991)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Title of book (edition number ed.). (Year of Publication). Place

of Publication: Name of Publisher.

The American heritage dictionary of the English language (4th

ed.). (2000). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Note: Within the reference list, alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title (American in this case).

For the in-text citation, use a few words of the title in place of the author's name.

(American Heritage Dictionary, 2000)

Or:

American Heritage Dictionary (2000)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of book (edition number ed.).

Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Bukatko, D. & Daehler, M. W. (2004). Child development: A thematic

approach (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

(Bukatko & Daehler, 2004)

Or:

Bukatko and Daehler (2004)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication for English Translation). Title of book (Name

of Translator, Trans.). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

(Original work published (Date of Original Publication)).

Freud, S. (1999). The interpretation of dreams (J. Crick, Trans.). NY: Oxford.

(Original work published 1899).

(Freud, 1899/1999)

Or:

Freud (1899/1999)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year(s) of Publication). Title of book (Vols. X-X). Place of

Publication: Name of Publisher.

Cook, B.W. (1992-1999). Eleanor Roosevelt (Vols. 1-12). NY: Viking.

(Cook, 1992-1999)

Or:

Cook (1992-1999)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of encyclopedia article. In Title of

encyclopedia (Vol. Volume Number, pp. page numbers). Place

of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Mayes, A. R. & Hunkin, M. M. (2003). Amnesia. In Encyclopedia of cognitive

science (Vol. 1, pp. 90-97). London: Nature Publishing Group.

(Mayes & Hunkin, 2003)

Or:

Mayes and Hunkin (2003)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor

(Eds.), Title of book (pp. chapter page numbers). Retrieved from

[database name or URL].

Dray, A. (1999). Vanilloids as analgesics. In J. Sawynok & A. Cowan (Eds.),

Novel aspects of pain management: Opioids and beyond

(pp. 117-134). Retrieved from NetLibrary database.

Note: When a URL directs a person to a point of purchase for an ebook rather than the ebook itself, use "Available from" instead of "Retrieved from."

(Dray, 1999)

Or:

Dray (1999)

Reference List Format:

In-text
Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of book. Retrieved from

[database name or URL].

Martin, R. (2001). Beethoven's hair: An extraordinary historical odyssey

and a scientific mystery solved. Retrieved from

Ebrary database.

Note: When a URL directs a person to a point of purchase for an ebook rather than the ebook itself, use "Available from" instead of "Retrieved from."

(Martin, 2001)

Or:

Martin (2001)

Article with a DOI*

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volume(issue

number), print page numbers. doi:xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Humphrey, L. L. (1986). Structural analysis of parent-child relationships in

eating disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95 (4),

395-402. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.95.4.395

(Humphrey, 1986)

Or:

Humphrey (1986)

Article without a DOI*

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volume(issue number),

print page numbers. Retrieved from [URL]

Salama, A. M. (2008). A theory for integrating knowledge in architectural design

education. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural

Research, 2(1), 100-128. Retrieved from

http://archnet.org/gws/IJAR/8821/files_8181/2.1.07%20-a.%20salama-

pp100-128.pdf

Note on Article URL:

• Accessible for free: give the exact URL, as in the example above.
• Accessible by subscription only: give the URL of the journal's home page.
• From an electronic database: give the URL from the database's home/menu page

(Salama, 2008)

Or:

Salama (2008)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volume, print

page numbers.

Zhao, Z. (2006). Income inequality, unequal health care access, and

mortality in China. Population and Development Review, 32,

401-446.

(Zhao, 2006)

Or:

Zhao (2006)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volume(issue

number), print page numbers.

Greenberg, A. (2001). Race, religiosity, and the women's vote. Women &

Politics, 22(3), 59-82.

(Greenberg, 2001)

Or:

Greenberg (2001)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author of the Review. (Date of Publication). Title of article [Review of Title of book

being reviewed]. Journal Title, volume, page numbers.

Ellis, N. (2006). London chiming [Review of the book Postcolonial London:

Rewriting the metropolis]. Postcolonial Studies, 9, 337-342.

Note: If citing a review of another medium, such as a motion picture, use Review of motion picture in brackets. Example: [Review of the motion picture To catch a thief]

(Ellis, 2006)

Or:

Ellis (2006)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Full Date of Publication). Title of article. Magazine Title, volume

(issue if available), page numbers. Retrieved from

[URL from database's home or menu page]

Stengel, R. (2012, Apr 30). A world of possibilities. Time, 179(17), 1.

http://proquest.com

(Stengel, 2012)

Or:

Stengel (2012)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Full Date of Publication). Title of article. Magazine Title, volume,

page numbers. Retrieved from [URL from website's home or

menu page]

Wilson, S. (2009, November 2). Karzai win complicates White House strategy for

Afghanistan. The Washington Post. Retrieved from

http://www.washingtonpost.com/

(Wilson, 2009)

Or:

Wilson (2009)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Full Date of Publication). Title of article. Magazine Title, volume,

page numbers.

Ravilious, K. (2006, November/December). Scots on the rocks: Mountaineering

archaeologists reach new heights of discovery. Archaeology, 27,

16-21.

(Ravilious, 2006)

Or:

Ravilious (2006)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Full Date of Publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title, page number(s)

preceded by p. or pp. Retrieved from [URL from database's home or

menu page]

Harmon, A. (2006, December 10). DNA gatherers hit a snag: The tribes don't trust them.

New York Times, p. 1.1. Retrieved from

http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?RQT=306&TS=1215038940&clientId=48293

 

Note on DOI: At this time newspaper articles rarely have a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) assigned to them. If your newspaper article does have a DOI, follow the reference list format below.

Author, A. A. (Full Date of Publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title, page number(s)

preceded by p. or pp. doi:xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Not sure what a DOI is or how to find it?

(Harmon, 2006)

Or:

Harmon (2006)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Full Date of Publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title. Retrieved

from [homepage URL]

Urbina, I. (2008, June 10). Coal country looks to natural gas. The New York Times.

Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

(Urbina, 2008)

Or:

Urbina (2008)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Full Date of Publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title, page

number(s) preceded by p. or pp.

Donnelly, J. (2006, November 9). SARS authority picked to lead health group.

Boston Globe, p. A14.

(Donnelly, 2006)

Or:

Donnelly (2006)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Title of article. (Full Date of Publication). Newspaper Title,

page number(s) preceded by p. or pp.

Number of out-of-wedlock births a record. (2006, November

26). Hartford Courant, p. A7.

Notes:

• For an online newspaper article or article from a database, use the format provided here, but replace the page number with "Retrieved from [homepage/database URL].
• Within the reference list, alphabetize works with no author by the first significant word in the title.

("Number of Out-of-Wedlock Births", 2006)

Note: For the in-text citation, use a few words of the title in place of the author's name. Include double quotation marks around the title of the article.

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Full Date of Publication). Title of article [Letter to the editor].

Newspaper Title, page number.

Arsham, J. (2006, November 9). At last she has reason to wave a flag

[Letter to the editor]. Boston Globe, p. A16.

(Arsham, 2006)

Or:

Arsham (2006)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Date of Posting/Revision). Title of website. Retrieved

[date accessed], from [URL].

The White House, United States Government. (2006).

Comprehensive immigration reform. Retrieved

September 25, 2006, from

http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/immigration/

Notes:

• The author for a website may be a person's name, or a company or institution.
• When the Date of Posting/Revision is not available, use (n.d.).

(The White House, United States Government, 2006)

Or:

The White House (2006)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Title of website. (Date of Posting/Revision). Retrieved [date accessed], from

[URL].

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001, from

http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

Note:

• When the Date of Posting/Revision is not available, use (n.d.).
  
  

("New Child Vaccine", 2001)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Date of Posting). Title of blog post [Web log message]. Retrieved from

[URL]

Simon, N. (2010, February 9). How different types of museums approach

participation [Web log message]. Retrieved from

http://museumtwo.blogspot.com

(Simon, 2010)

Or:

Simon (2010)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Date of Posting). Re: Title of blog post [Web log comment]. Retrieved from

[URL]

hds (2010, February 9). Re: How different types of museums approach participation

[Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://museumtwo.blogspot.com

Note: If the author of the comment has used a screen name, then use the screen name in your reference.

(hds, 2010)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Note:
E-mails (like other personal communication) are not included in the reference list; however, cite the e-mail in the text and include the author's initials in addition to the author's last name and provide a specific date.

(C.A. Roberts, personal communication, December 6, 2006)

Or:

As C.A. Roberts said in his e-mail ... (personal communication, December 6, 2006)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Date of Posting). Subject line of message [Electronic mailing list

message]. Retrieved from [URL].

Abungu, L. (2007, April 13). Valuing ethnographic objects [Electronic mailing list

message]. Retrieved from

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/icme/message/155

(Abungu, 2007)

Or:

Abungu (2007)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Note:
Personal communication (such as letters, memos, e-mails, personal interviews and telephone conversations) are not included in the reference list. Cite the personal communication in the text, and include the author's initials in addition to the author's last name and provide a date as specific as possible.

(C.A. Roberts, personal communication, December 6, 2006)

Or:

As C.A. Roberts wrote in a letter... (personal communication, December 6, 2006)

• Online Video - Unknown Producer (including music video)
• Online Video - Known Producer (including music video)
• Motion Picture

• Television Episode
• Television Series
• Music Recording - Individual Tracks

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Title of Video [Video file]. (Date of Posting). Retrieved from [URL].

Fairfield University students at NASA [Video file]. (2007, June 20). Retrieved

from http://youtube.com/watch?v=tgq1FYuWd1c

Note:
Provide the producer or primary contributor only if you are sure that person created the video. Do not list the person posting the video online as the producer. If you are unsure, treat the citation as having no producer.

(Fairfield University Students at NASA, 2007)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Name of Producer (Producer). (Date of Posting). Title of Video [Video file].

Retrieved from [URL].

HAM Channel of Fairfield University (Producer). (2007, October 31). News64 - Feature

on Craig Romney [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://youtube.com/watch?v=kiUVGeTIw8g

Note:
Provide the producer or primary contributor only if you are sure that person created the video. Do not list the person posting the video online as the producer. If you are unsure, treat the citation as having no producer.

(HAM Channel of Fairfield University, 2007)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Name of Originator or Primary Contributor (Function of Originator or Primary

Contributor). (Copyright date). Title of motion picture [Motion picture].

Motion Picture's Country of Origin: Name of Movie Studio.

Hitchcock, A. (Director/Producer). (1954). Rear window [Motion picture]. U.S.:

Paramount Pictures.

(Hitchcock, 1954)

Or:

Hitchcock (1954)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Name of Producer of Television Series (Producer). (Date). Title of television

series. [Television series]. Place of Origin: Studio Name.

Weiner, M. (Producer) and Weiner, H. (Producer). (1999). Journey to planet

Earth. [Television series]. Washington, DC: Screenscope.

(M. Weiner & H. Weiner, 1999)

Or:

M. Weiner & H. Weiner (1999)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Name of Scriptwriter (Writer), & Name of Director (Director). (Date). Title of

episode [Television series episode]. In Name of Executive Producer

(Executive Producer), Title of television series. Place of Origin: Studio

Name.

Weiner, H. (Writer/Director). (1999). Land of plenty, land of want [Television series

episode]. In H. Weiner & M. Weiner (Executive Producers) Journey to

planet Earth. Washington, DC: Screenscope.

(Weiner, 1999)

Or:

Weiner (1999)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Writer, A. A. (Copyright Date). Title of song [Recorded by Name

of Recording Artist if different from writer]. On

Album title [Recording medium]. Location:

Recording Company. (Recording date if

different from copyright date).

Chopin, F. (1990). Nocturne Op 55, No 2 [Recorded by V.

Horowitz]. On The last recording [CD]. NY:

Sony Classical.

Note: For recording medium, use CD, record, cassette etc.

(Chopin, 1990, track 5)

Note: For the in-text citation, include the band or track number.

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Date of Posting/Revision). Title of image or

figure. Retrieved from [URL]

Newman, M. E. J. (n.d.) Maps of the 2008 US presidential

election. Retrieved from http://www-

personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/

Notes:

• If no author is available use the following format:
  • Title of Image or Figure. (Date of Posting/Revision). Retrieved from [URL]
• If no date is available, use (n.d.).

Citations for an image or map, chart, graph or table normally appears as a credit below the item rather than as an in-text citation.

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Advertisement title. (Date of Posting). [Advertisement type]. Retrieved from [URL].

Tab cola. Be a mindsticker. (1960). [Television advertisement]. Retrieved from

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/z2sqi_1960s-tab-commercial-be-

a-mindstick_ads

(Tab cola, 1960)

Reference List Format:

In-text Citation:

Author, A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of Chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor

(Eds.), Title of book (pp. chapter page numbers). Place of

Publication: Name of Publisher.

Kozminski, A. K. (1994). High-speed management and global competition. In

S. S. King & D. P. Cushman (Eds.), High-speed management

and organization communications in the 1990s: A reader (pp.

41-67). Albany: State University of New York Press.

(Kozminski, 1994)

Or:

(Kozminski, 1994, p. 62)

• 1 Author (Books and Articles)
• 2 Authors (Books and Articles)
• 3-6 Authors (Books and Articles)
• More than 6 Authors (Books and Articles)
• No Author
• No Date
• Translated Work

• Personal Communication
• Multiple Works in the Same Parenthesis
• Specific Part of a Print Source (Including Exact Quotes)
• Specific Part of an Electronic Source (Including Exact Quotes)
• Bible and Other Classical Works

In-text Citation Example:

In a recent book about border patrols ... (Bigelow, 2006).

Or

Bigelow (2006) discusses the Mexican immigrant experience.

In-text Citation Example:

(Mock & Parker, 1997)

Or

Mock and Parker (1997) discuss the origins of family structure ...

In-text Citation Examples:

For the first in-text citation, cite all of the authors.

(Garner, Smith, & Piland, 1990)

Or:

Garner, Smith, and Piland (1990) discuss the origins of ...

For subsequent in-text citations, cite the first author followed by et al.

(Garner et al., 1990)

Or:

Garner et al. (1990) discuss the origins of ...

Use this format for the first in-text citation and subsequent citations.

In-text Citation Examples:

(Dacso, et al., 1995)

Or:

Dacso et al. (1995)

For the in-text citation, use a few words of the title in place of the author's name. Italicize a book title and use double quotation marks around the title of an article or book chapter.

In-text Citation Examples:

(American Heritage Dictionary, 2000)

Or:

American Heritage Dictionary (2000)

Or:

("Number of Out-of-Wedlock Births," 2006)

Use n.d. in the place of the date.

In-text Citation Example:

(Roberts, n.d.)

In addition to the author's last name, include the author's initials. Provide a date that is as specific as possible.

In-text Citation Example:

(C. A. Roberts, personal communication, December 6, 2006)

Or:

C. A. Roberts (personal communication, December 6, 2006)

When citing two or more works by different authors within the same parenthesis, list the authors alphabetically and separate each citation with a semicolon.

In-text Citation Example:

(Landau, 1989; Leja, 1993; Varnedoe, 1999)

In-text citation examples:

(Walker, 1991, figure 2)

(Zelizer, 2003, chapter 1)

"No single memory reflects all that is known about a given event, personality, or issue" (Zelizer, 2003, p. 3).

Note: When quoting from a source, always give page numbers.

If an electronic source does not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number if given.

In-text Citation Examples:

(Smith, para. 2)

If there are no page or paragraph numbers available, cite the section heading and count the paragraph number in which the citation falls.

In-text Citation Example:

"A key aspect of global Buddhism has been the exponential increase in the movement of Buddhism in the last five decades of the twentieth century, from Asia to Western nations" (Henry, 2006, Global Buddhism section, para. 2).

An entry in the reference list is not required for the Bible and other major classical works, such as Greek and Roman works (e.g. The Iliad). For the first in-text citation, identify the version of text you used.

In-text Citation Example:

Instead of page numbers, use the classical work's numbering system (books, chapters, verses, lines, cantos).

John 3:16 (King James Version)

Or:

(John 3:16 King James Version)

For subsequent in-text citations, you no longer need to identify the version used.

(John 3:16)

Include the original publication date and the date of the translation.

In-text Citation Example:

(Freud, 1899/1999)

For some ancient works, the original publication date is not applicable. Instead use the translation year.

(Plato, trans. 2004)